Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād (Orphaned at a young age; raised and trained by the prominent painter and court official Mirak Naqqash)
Kamal-ud-din Behzad (c. 1450–1535), often referred to simply as Behzad, is widely considered the greatest master of Persian miniature painting. He was the most prominent figure of the late Timurid and early Safavid periods, fundamentally transforming the art form by infusing it with unprecedented psychological realism, dynamic movement, and masterful geometric composition.

Orphaned early in life, Behzad was taken in by Mirak Naqqash, a renowned painter and director of the royal library (kitabkhana) in Herat. Under the patronage of the Timurid ruler Sultan Husayn Bayqarah and his cultured vizier, the poet Ali-Shir Nava’i, Behzad flourished. By the late 1480s, he had become the head of the royal atelier in Herat.

Before Behzad, Persian miniatures often featured highly idealized, static figures. Behzad revolutionized this by individualizing his subjects, giving them distinct postures, facial expressions, and a sense of life and emotion. His compositions were highly complex, often using intricate architectural frameworks to guide the viewer’s eye and create a sense of deep, active space. A prime example of this is his masterful illustration The Seduction of Yusuf from a 1488 manuscript of Sa’di’s Bustan, which showcases his brilliant use of interlocking geometric spaces and rich, harmonious colors.

When the Safavid dynasty conquered Herat in 1510, Shah Ismail I recognized Behzad’s genius and brought him to the new capital, Tabriz. In 1522, Behzad was appointed the director of the Safavid royal library. In this role, he trained and profoundly influenced the next generation of master painters, including Sultan Muhammad and Aqa Mirak, shaping the grand Safavid style of manuscript illustration.

Behzad’s legacy is so immense that for centuries after his death, his name became synonymous with the highest pinnacle of artistic perfection in the Islamic world, with many later artists forging his signature on their own works to elevate their value.

Active in others filds : Manuscript Illumination, Book Arts, Art Direction (Director of the Royal Atelier/Kitabkhana).