Middle East & Iranian Plateau

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Middle East & Iranian Plateau

Mesopotamian Civilizations (Sumer, Babylon, Assyria):
- Modern Countries: Iraq , Syria, and southeastern Turkey.
- Historical Facts: The invention of the wheel, the creation of cuneiform script, the establishment of the earliest legal codes (e.g., the Code of Hammurabi), and the construction of massive step-pyramid temples known as Ziggurats.
Ancient Iranian Civilizations (Elam, Achaemenid, Sassanid):
- Modern Countries: Iran, and parts of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and the Caucasus.
- Historical Facts: The administration of the first global empire with advanced postal and road systems, magnificent syncretic architecture (Persepolis), unparalleled metalwork and goldsmithing (the Oxus Treasure), and masterful stucco and vaulting techniques (Taq Kasra).
The Islamic Golden Age (A Transnational Civilization):
- Modern Countries: Spanning from Spain (Andalusia) across the Middle East to North Africa and Iran.
- Historical Facts: The flourishing of complex geometry in architecture (mosques, domes, muqarnas), the evolution of calligraphy, mosaic tilework, miniature painting, and monumental advancements in astronomy, medicine, and philosophy.

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Africa

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Americas

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Ancient China

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Ancient Japan

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Andean Civilizations

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Asia

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Byzantine Empire

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